Aerial refueling is a complex and dangerous operation, with numerous potential hazards such as hoses breaking off, fuel spills, and mid-flight collisions. Despite these risks, aircraft can safely refuel with their engines running and in the presence of fuel leaks, unlike cars that require engines to be off at gas stations. This article explores what can go wrong during aerial refueling and an incident involving a helicopter running out of fuel in a Category 1 hurricane.
What Went Wrong
E-3 Sentry Incident
Aerial refueling between two large aircraft, such as a tanker and an E-3 Sentry, can be perilous due to aerodynamic forces. During one incident, as the E-3 made contact with the tanker, it continued to move closer until the boom auto-disconnected. The E-3’s bow wave pushed the tanker’s tail up, causing the auto-pilot trim to disengage and the tanker to descend toward the E-3. Fortunately, the E-3 quickly dived down, avoiding a collision.
CH-53 Sea Stallion Incident
Helicopters face unique challenges during aerial refueling. In one case, a CH-53 Sea Stallion experienced significant turbulence behind the tanker. The pilot’s quick reaction to pull up prevented the drogue from being caught in the rotor blades, which could have been fatal. However, losing the ability to refuel can complicate situations, especially in hostile environments or severe weather.
Even if a helicopter runs out of fuel, it can still land using autorotation. As it descends, the upward flow of air through the rotor blades keeps them spinning. This technique becomes more challenging in adverse conditions, such as enemy territory or hurricanes.
Whiplash and Hose Incidents
Maintaining a fully extended hose is critical during refueling. A slack hose can result in whiplash, potentially breaking off the drogue. Broken hoses can be sucked into engines, causing significant damage. For instance, an F-35C was damaged when a refueling basket was ingested into its intake, leading to a $2 million repair bill.
High-Cost Collisions
On September 29, 2020, a mid-air collision between a KC-130J and an F-35 during refueling caused extensive damage. The F-35 pilot ejected safely, but the aircraft was destroyed. The KC-130J, despite losing two engines and suffering severe damage, managed to make an emergency landing in a field. This incident resulted in over $150 million in damages.
The pilots of the KC-130J declared an emergency and conducted a controlled descent. Despite leaking fuel, they opted not to dump it due to the risk of fire. Originally aiming for Jacqueline Cochran Regional Airport, they ultimately landed in a cauliflower field after an uncontrolled turn. The landing was smooth, and the aircraft came to a stop quickly.
Conclusion
Aerial refueling is a high-risk operation with the potential for serious mishaps. Incidents involving aerodynamic forces, turbulence, hose failures, and mid-air collisions highlight the dangers pilots face. Despite these risks, proper training and quick reactions can mitigate potential disasters, ensuring the safety of the aircraft and crew.
